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Viral Tools Frequently Asked Questions FAQ Topic: -Any- General Lentiviruses AAVs FAQ Search: How should I store the viral particles (lentivirus, AAV or VSV) that I just rec...

Frequently Asked Questions BPS Bioscience is here to answer your questions and provide project guidance. On the following pages, we outline some of the most frequently asked questions separated by product type. If your question is not answered through these resources, please contact us today and we are happy to assist.  Proteins Cell Lines Assay Kits ...

Citations   This page contains a list of scientific journal articles that have cited BPS products and services since 2013. We would like to congratulate all our loyal customers on their contributions to the scientific community. Our customers are truly amazing and dedicated scientists and this is evidenced by the outstanding research they are doing.  Search By Product Name or Catalog Number Name Title 10X HAT Assay Buffer (50095...

iPSC-Derived Cells Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), pioneered by Nobel Prize winner Shinya Yamanaka, are generated by converting mature human somatic cells via expression of four critical transcription factors known as Yamanaka factors: Myc, Sox2, Klf4, and Oct3/4. iPSCs are an important tool for research because they are capable of differentiating into various cell types, including those of different tissues and organs. They can be used to study disease mechanisms, drug developm...

The Role of ADAR1 in Biology and Disease Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR) proteins catalyze the post-transcriptional modification of adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules. The ADAR proteins edit A to I non-selectively in extended perfect double-stranded RNA duplexes, an activity that is of ancient origin and highly conserved. ADAR1 functions as a major RNA editor, resulting in the differential regulation of RNA processing by other RNA-binding protein...

Adoptive Cell Therapy Using Antigen-Specific TCRs Engineered T cell receptors provide a promising therapeutic approach to fight cancer by focusing immune cells to target specific antigens. Antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response by recognizing specific antigen peptides presented by MHC molecules on the surface of infected or abnormal cells. These TCRs are typically found on the surface ...

Methods For Drug Discovery   Immunotherapies  based on targeting the  PD-1:PD-L1  immune checkpoint pathway are having clinical impact and are giving new hope to cancer patients. However, positive response to treatment is not guaranteed and resistance remains a concern. Improving outcomes based on immunotherapy requires multiple approaches for manipulating the complexities of the immune system and tumor microenvironment. To meet these challenges, a series of r...

Lentiviruses for SARS-CoV-2 Research To understand the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, it is essential to study how Spike proteins interact with the ACE2 receptor. However, such studies are hampered by the danger of producing and manipulating live coronavirus. A safer alternative to using live coronavirus is to use recombinant lentivirus pseudotyped with the coronavirus S protein. The Spike pseudotyped lentivirus includes a luciferase reporter, allowing the monitoring of viral entry into...

Diabetes & Obesity Breakthrough treatments for diabetes and obesity aim to stem the rising epidemic of complications and deaths directly attributed to these conditions. Diabetes and obesity are two interconnected health conditions that pose significant global challenges. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, resulting from either insufficient insulin production (Type 1 diabetes) or ineffective utili...

Gene & Cell Therapy Gene and cell therapies are paving the way for innovative treatments that can offer new hope for patients with previously untreatable diseases. Gene therapy and cell therapy are cutting-edge medical approaches aimed at revolutionizing healthcare. Gene therapy involves the manipulation and introduction of genetic material into a patient's cells to correct genetic disorders or enhance therapeutic effects. This can be achieved by ...

Cell Signaling Pathway Screening & Profiling In order to determine effectors of cell signaling pathways in the context of intact functioning cells, cell-based reporter assays are an ideal option. Using luciferase reporters downstream of a pathway-specific promoter response element, signaling activity can be conveniently measured by the output of luciferase activity. The system can be applied across a wide variety of cell types and signaling pathways and allows for ...

Bispecific Antibodies & BiTE® (Bispecific T-Cell Engager) Clinical & Therapeutic Research An antibody (Ab) containing two different antigen-binding sites within one molecule is known as a bispecific antibody (BsAb).  BsAb research has expanded greatly within the past ten years. To date, two BsAbs,  Blinatumomab   and Emicizumab, have been approved in the US and the EU, while a third BsAb, Catumaxomab, is already commercially available in the EU. Additionally, th...

Cell-Based Assays and Expression Kits Cells can be engineered to serve as readouts for cell-based assays as a complement or alternative to biochemical assays. A variety of cell-based assay types can be used for research and development applications, including signaling pathway analysis, inhibitor/activator studies, CAR-T cell functional screening, ADCC assays, high-throughput screening systems and much more. We provide a variety of cell-based assay express...

Custom AAV Services Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAV) are useful for gene therapy due to their gene transfer efficiency and safety. Inside the cell, AAVs are episomal and result in the sustained expression of a gene of interest for up to 6 months in non-dividing cells. Our off-the-shelf AAVs can be used in a Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) facility. BPS Bioscience is developing a portfolio of AAV products to support your research needs. Our custom s...

AAV Tools Graham Beards’ Own work CC BY-SA 4.0 Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) is a small dependoparvovirus which was initially discovered as a contaminant in adenovirus preparations. AAVs are non-enveloped and consist of an icosahedral capsid containing a short, single-stranded DNA genome flanked by two Inverted Terminal Repeat sequences (ITRs). AAVs are replication-defective, non-pathogenic, and h...

Therapeutic Targeting of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) in Asthma and COPD: A Technical Overview Introduction Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), among others. This technical note provides an overview of the role of TSLP in these respiratory conditions and discusses its implications for therapy. We explore the mechanisms of TSLP in driving...

Cell Lines and Primary Cells Cell lines are extremely useful tools for the study of protein interactions, gene activation, cell signaling, viral infection, cell-to-cell communication, and other biological processes in the context of an intact cell system rather than cell-free biochemical assays. BPS Bioscience has developed over 250 stable cell lines applicable across a wide range of research areas including immunotherapy, CAR-T cell therapy, cell signaling, metabolism, neuroscience, and mu...

Bispecific Antibodies & BiTE® (Bispecific T-Cell Engager) Services   CD3/CD19 BiTE® - Mechanism of Action The CD3/CD19 BiTE® is a biopharmaceutical drug known as a Bi-specific T-cell engager for a second-line treatment for Philadelphia chromosome-negative relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It binds to CD19 on cancer cells (e.g. Raji cells) and CD3 on T cells simultaneously, thus bringing T lymphocytes closer to cancer cells expressing specific cancer ...

Lentiviruses Lentiviral transduction is a powerful tool for introducing genes into cells and is used extensively for cellular engineering. It has recently made its way to the clinic with ex-vivo cell therapy applications. Lentiviruses (LV) have also been used extensively for the modeling of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection of human cells. Lentiviral transduction is a powerful tool for introducing genes into cells and is used extensively for cellular engineering...

Virus-Based Tools Virus-based tools such as Lentivirus, Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV), and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) are critical for cell engineering and the study of viral infection.  We have designed a suite of ready-to-use viral reagents to address a wide span of research areas including virology (particularly Coronaviruses), immunotherapy, CAR-T therapy, CRISPR, cell signaling, and more.        Lentiviruses Ideal for pseudotyp...

IgG Antibodies and Fcγ Receptors in Immunotherapy IgG Antibodies and Fcγ Receptors in Immunotherapy Monoclonal, immunoglobulin G (IgG), antibodies are the basis of powerful therapies for treating cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune disease.  The power of therapeutic antibodies comes from their ability to bind antigen targets with high specificity and then harness the functions of the larger the immune system.  There are a variety of immune responses. Cytotoxic anti...

Custom Lentivirus Services BPS Bioscience has developed a diverse portfolio of lentivirus products to study COVID-19 , cell signaling pathways , CAR T-cell therapy , CRISPR , and immunotherapy . In addition to our product portfolio , we also offer custom services to develop a lentivirus suited for your research needs.  Customizable Options Reporters ( GFP , Luciferase , Dual Reporter ) Antibiotic selection markers ( Puromycin , Hygromycin , G4...

Screening and Profiling Services Evaluate lead compounds with our biochemical and cell-based screening services to identify specific inhibitors or activators. Save time by letting us screen your small molecules or biologics of interest against our unique assay panels or determine IC 50 values. With our portfolio of > 600 assays available as a service, we’re here to help advance your drug discovery program. Our biochemical-based inhibitor...

A2aR & Immunotherapy The great need for treatments and the promise of cures are driving the search for second-generation immunotherapies beyond therapeutic antibodies targeting PD-1 and CTLA4 pathways.  Immunotherapies are not limited to just therapeutic antibodies .  Small-molecule inhibitors are showing great promise in clinical trials.  For example, inhibitors targeting the enzymatic pathways, such as tryptophan catabolism are in late-phase clinical develop...

TL1A:DR3 - A Pathway for Immunomodulation Introduction The TL1A:DR3 pathway stands as a promising frontier in immunomodulation, offering insights into novel therapeutic interventions for various autoimmune diseases, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. This technical note explores the intricate mechanisms underlying TL1A:DR3 signaling, its physiological roles, and its potential applications in clinical settings. By elucidating the complexities of this pathway, researchers and clinicians c...

Mechanism of JAK-STAT Signaling in Cancer Cell Signaling Pathways Understanding cell to cell communication through cytokines and other secreted factors is at the center of daily life for countless pharmaceutical researchers.  This is because cytokine-based communication is central to normal development and is often a dysfunctional step in cancer and autoimmune diseases ( 1, 2 ).  It is also of increasing importance because cytokine release syndrome is a leading caus...

GLP-1R and Diabetes GLP-1R Structure and Function Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a member of the Class B GPCR family (1) .  Human GLP-1R comprises 463 amino acids, including seven transmembrane domains and an N-terminal signal peptide that is cleaved upon delivery to the plasma membrane (2) . The hallmark structural feature of GLP-1R and other Class B GPCRs is a large N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD). Class B GPCRs typically bind their peptide ligands through...

CRISPR Services  CRISPR-Cas9 is a technique used for genome editing that is adapted from the bacteria’s antiviral immune response. Bacteria capture and store DNA fragments from invading viruses within a region of their genome, and these CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) guide sequences help detect and protect the bacteria from future infections. When the CRISPR guide sequences detect an invading virus or DNA whose sequence is complementary to the CR...

Custom CAR-T Cell Development CAR-T cell therapy is a revolutionary cancer treatment that involves genetically engineering immune cells, using either the patient’s own cells or allogeneic cells, to recognize and attack cancer cells using a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR). This therapy has shown remarkable success in treating some types of blood cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma, even in patients who have not responded to other treatments. While CAR-...

LAG3 as a Cotherapy for Immune Checkpoints Cotherapy with PD-1 Therapeutic antibodies targeting the immune checkpoint receptors PD-1 and CTLA4 substantially changed the prognosis for many cancer patients.  When successful, these treatments extend lives.  Still, cancer is relentless.  Only a relatively small number of patients respond or have substantial remission when these treatments are used as monotherapies.  Much of the current research on immunomodulating r...

Research Applications for Engineered iPS Cells Introduction New avenues of research were dramatically opened by the discovery of Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006 that the ectopic expression of Oct4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4), Sox2 (SRY-box2), Kfl4 (Kruppel-like factor 4) and c-Myc was sufficient to reprogram terminally differentiated cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. These have infinite expansion potential and similar genetic markers, epigenetics and multilineag...

Coronavirus Services Biochemical Screening Cell-Based Services Cell Lines /CRISPR Protein Binding Studies/BLI BPS Bioscience has developed innovative proteins , cell lines , lentiviruses , and assay kits , to enable a wide range of preclinical activities for investigating potential COVID-19 antiviral drugs. These kits and services aim to rapidly advance drugs into the clinic by screening for compounds that prevent the ...

VSV Tools VSV (Vesicular stomatitis virus) is an enveloped, negative-stranded RNA virus with a simple structure. Its ability to infect a wide range of mammalian cell types has made VSV a valuable tool to study virus entry, replication, and assembly. The glycoprotein of VSV (termed VSV-G), which binds to the LDL-receptor (low-density lipoprotein receptor), is responsible for the attachment and entry of VSV into a susceptible host cell. The VSV-G glycoprotein can be deleted from the VSV (V...

CAR-T Cell Therapy Engineering T cells using a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to boost specific immune cell killing has made significant progress in the treatment of some cancer types. CAR-T cell therapy may also have potential benefits beyond cancer treatment, including treatments for infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases such as hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, lupus, and arthritis. Companies are also investigating CAR-T cell therapy in organ transplantation to eliminate the n...

CAR-T Cell Therapy Engineering T cells using a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to boost specific immune cell killing has made significant progress in the treatment of some cancer types. CAR-T cell therapy may also have potential benefits beyond cancer treatment, including treatments for infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases such as hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, lupus, and arthritis. Companies are also investigating CAR-T cell therapy in organ transplantation to eliminate the n...

TIGIT, CD155, & CD226   Promising Targets for Cancer Immunotherapies It’s possible someone you know has benefited from cancer treatments based on checkpoint receptors.  Therapeutic antibodies targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 pathways have already added years to the lives of lucky patients. Unfortunately, not everyone responds to these treatments.  This resistance drives the search for new therapies to extend the successes of existing PD-1 and CTLA-4-based treatme...

Small Molecule Cancer Therapy Targets For some cancers, small molecules that disrupt, inhibit, or agonize target protein function may be the best therapeutic option. Indeed, many new targeted therapeutics are now approved together with companion diagnostics to identify patient populations most likely to benefit from the new treatment. For some cancers, small molecules that disrupt, inhibit, or agonize target protein function may be the best therapeutic...

Natural Killer Cells Natural Killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes involved in the innate immune system that respond to infected cells and tumor cells, limiting these pathologies. They are now considered potential tools for adoptive cell therapies. Natural Killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes involved in the innate immune system that respond to infected cells and tumor cells, limiting these pathologies. They are now considered potential tools for adoptive cel...

Immune Checkpoint Molecules Immune checkpoint molecules are crucial components of the immune system that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses but have been usurped by cancer cells and pathogens to evade the immune system. Immune checkpoint molecules are crucial components of the immune system that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses but have been usurped by cancer cells and pathogens...

Unique and Featured Products Targeted Solutions for the Development of TCR-based Adoptive Cell Therapy See the Products ...

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The Power of Lentiviruses in Cell Engineering Introduction The ability to manipulate nucleic acids has been a key discovery that has driven research, and ultimately clinical applications, forward. It opened the door to study the impact of mutations in cellular models, dissect pathways, generate recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies, and is the basis of gene and cell therapy, continuing to lead to new discoveries and cure patients every day. The methods used to ...

IDO/TDO Screening Services BPS offers biochemical and cell-based IDO/TDO screening services which can effectively accelerate your research and drug discovery programs. With all screening and profiling services, we provide a comprehensive (>10 page) report with both raw and analyzed data, graphs, detailed protocols, etc. Trust us to provide you with high quality data with fast turnaround time. Our team of experts along with our broad services portfolio makes it easy...

Epigenetics Modulation of Gene Expression Without Changing the Genome The field of epigenetics refers to the control or modulation of gene expression that produces a specific phenotype or trait without directly changing DNA sequences. Epigenetic control can occur by modifying DNA, RNA, or by modulating the proteins that bind to DNA, particularly histone proteins. Epigenetic modifications start early in embryonic development and continue as organisms age and are strongl...

BTLA Screening Services B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator, or BTLA, is a human protein which inhibits T cell activation. BTLA is expressed by cytotoxic T cells (CTL), which are T lymphocytes that are able to kill foreign pathogens, viral-infected cells, and cancer cells. BTLA binding to its ligand, herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), results in inhibition of CTL activation. Certain cancers are able to evade the immune system by taking advantage of this inhibitory pathway.   In th...

ARG1/ARG2 Screening Services Arginase enzymes convert arginine to ornithine through hydrolysis. Two known isoforms of Arginase exist, ARG1 and ARG2. This enzyme is involved in the regulation of a variety of immunological responses and is a major target in immunotherapy. ARG1/2 is overexpressed in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Overexpression of ARG1/2 results in depleted levels of arginine both intracellularly and extracellularly. A...

OX40 Screening Services Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4, or OX40, is an immune co-stimulatory receptor. When OX40 is bound to its ligand, OX40L, signals are transmitted that serve to enhance survival of immune cells and increase pro-inflammatory signaling.  OX40 has been linked to different types of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. OX40 is also a promising immunotherapy target because stimulation of OX40 has been implicated as a potential treat...

TPH1 & TPH2 Screening Services Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 (Tph1/2) enzymes catalyze the monooxygentation of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). Following monooxygentation, 5-HTP is decarboxylated and converted to serotonin. Through tryptophan depletion, TPH1 and TPH2 can inhibit immune system function in a manner similar to IDO1,2 and TDO . As tumor cells overexpress enzymes like Tph1/2, immune cells are deprived of essential amino acids and have impaired abi...

CD28 Screening Services Cluster of Differentiation 28, or CD28, is a protein which is necessary for the activation and survival of T cells. The CD28 receptor can bind to B7-1 and B7-2, proteins expressed mostly by antigen presenting cells (APCs). The interaction between B7 proteins and CD28 receptors serves as a potential method to enhance anti-tumor immunity by developing therapies that mimic B7 proteins and activate the CD28 receptor. Alternatively, in autoimmune diseases such as ...

COX1 & COX2 Screening Services Prostanoids are signaling molecules which mediate inflammation and vasoconstriction. These signaling molecules are formed through the action of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Two COX isoforms exist, COX1 and COX2. COX1 helps to produce mucus lining for the stomach and is also expressed in a variety of other tissue types. Meanwhile, COX2 expression is generally restricted to inflamed cells and works to upregulate prostanoid levels. COX enzyme...

Kinases Protein phosphorylation regulates almost all aspects of cell biology including cellular division, metabolism, signal transduction, and much more, a discovery that earned E. Fisher and E. Krebs the Nobel prize in Physiology in 1992. Kinases catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule. There are over 500 kinases encoded by the human genome controlling approximately 50% of all cellular functions. Kinases are...

PRMT5 & Cancer   Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 ( PRMT5 ) is a critical regulatory protein linked to genome organization, cell cycle regulation, and stem cell differentiation 1 . It forms an active complex with MEP50 and transfers methyl groups from S-adenosylmethoinine (SAM) to histone proteins, transcription factors, and other regulatory proteins. These methylations form mono and symmetrically di-methylated arginine residues. Dysregulation of PRMT5 activity is assoc...

SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus & COVID-19 There are seven known human coronaviruses , including the novel SARS-CoV-2. Four of these strains cause only mild respiratory symptoms; however, coronaviruses became notorious after outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012. The SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) coronavirus, first identified in late 2019, causes severe pneumonia and respiratory infection (COVID-19).  The S...

NAMPT: Metabolism, Cancer, and Drug Discovery NAMPT & Metabolism The unique metabolic requirements of rapidly reproducing cells are classical targets for cancer treatment.  For example, rapid growth creates a high demand for ATP used in the biosynthesis of DNA and proteins.  The enzymatic cofactors  NAD +  and NADH contribute oxidizing and reducing agents required to generate ATP and regulate the resulting oxidative stress.  This need for high levels of A...

Claudin-18: A Therapeutic Target in Oncology Claudins, a family of small tetraspan proteins expressed in a tissue or cell-specific manner, are major components of the multimeric protein architecture of tight junctions, which prevent ions or small molecules from passing freely between epithelial or endothelial cells. These proteins contain four transmembrane domains mainly responsible for interacting side-to-side with neighboring proteins. Two extracellular loops regulate p...

The Promise of NK Cell Therapeutics Introduction NK cells are the first line of defense against cancer and have been in the spotlight as a cancer therapy in the last decade. Their advantages versus T cells, such as their safety profile and not requiring MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)-antigen stimulation to become cytotoxic, have made NK cells attractive. However, as with T cells, the TME (tumor microenvironment) can suppress their activity, and infiltration into solid tumors is s...