Search results for: 'pd-1'

CRISPR-Based Synergistic Activation Mediator (SAM) Introduction Cas9 ( Streptococcus pyogenes CRISPR-associated protein 9) is a sequence-specific prokaryotic endonuclease that is recruited to the DNA by a single guide RNA (sgRNA) and introduces a double stranded break into the DNA. This double stranded break is usually repaired through Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) in mammalian cells (1) . The target DNA sequence requires only 23 bp (base pairs) in length and sho...

LAG3 as a Cotherapy for Immune Checkpoints Cotherapy with PD-1 Therapeutic antibodies targeting the immune checkpoint receptors PD-1 and CTLA4 substantially changed the prognosis for many cancer patients.  When successful, these treatments extend lives.  Still, cancer is relentless.  Only a relatively small number of patients respond or have substantial remission when these treatments are used as monotherapies.  Much of the current research on immunomodulating r...

Methods For Drug Discovery   Immunotherapies  based on targeting the  PD-1:PD-L1  immune checkpoint pathway are having clinical impact and are giving new hope to cancer patients. However, positive response to treatment is not guaranteed and resistance remains a concern. Improving outcomes based on immunotherapy requires multiple approaches for manipulating the complexities of the immune system and tumor microenvironment. To meet these challenges, a series of r...

Protein Binding Studies / BLI Detection Services Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) is a powerful analytical technique for studying biomolecular interactions. BLI measures changes in interference patterns of light reflected from a biosensor tip, which is typically coated with a layer of molecules relevant to the study. As biomolecules bind to or dissociate from the biosensor surface, the interference patterns change, providing real-time data on the kinetics and affinity of these int...

Combining Therapies for Targeting Immune Checkpoints   |  IMMUNE CHECKPOINTS  |           |  KINASES  |                |  PARPS  |              |  HDACS  |               |  CAR T-CELL THERAPY  | Cancer is a balance between the defens...

Cell-Based Assays and Expression Kits Cells can be engineered to serve as readouts for cell-based assays as a complement or alternative to biochemical assays. A variety of cell-based assay types can be used for research and development applications, including signaling pathway analysis, inhibitor/activator studies, CAR-T cell functional screening, ADCC assays, high-throughput screening systems and much more. We provide a variety of cell-based assay express...

Immune Checkpoint Molecules Immune checkpoint molecules are crucial components of the immune system that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses but have been usurped by cancer cells and pathogens to evade the immune system. Immune checkpoint molecules are crucial components of the immune system that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses but have been usurped by cancer cells and pathogens...

CD39 & CD73: Adenosine Signaling Therapeutic antibodies targeting checkpoint receptors such as PD-1 and CTLA4 are giving new hope to cancer patients. However, not all patients respond to treatment and the search for effective co-therapies is driving substantial research. Two critical enzymes of this pathway, CD39 and CD73 , are promising targets for increasing the effectiveness of checkpoint-based immunotherapies. 1 The hydrolysis of extracellular  ATP  to AMP is...

Immunotherapy Cell-Based Screening Services Development of immunotherapies is becoming more prevalent for treatment of diseases, such as cancer, infections, and autoimmune disorders. While biochemical assays can clearly identify inhibitors of protein-protein interactions or protein activity, cell-based assays can provide additional insight in the context of live cells. We offer rapid and dependable cell-based assay screening services to find compounds...

Unique and Featured Products Luciferase Reporter Cells for Diabetes & Obesity Research View Products ...

Citations   This page contains a list of scientific journal articles that have cited BPS products and services since 2013. We would like to congratulate all our loyal customers on their contributions to the scientific community. Our customers are truly amazing and dedicated scientists and this is evidenced by the outstanding research they are doing.  Search By Product Name or Catalog Number Name Title 10X HAT Assay Buffer (50095...

TIGIT, CD155, & CD226   Promising Targets for Cancer Immunotherapies It’s possible someone you know has benefited from cancer treatments based on checkpoint receptors.  Therapeutic antibodies targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 pathways have already added years to the lives of lucky patients. Unfortunately, not everyone responds to these treatments.  This resistance drives the search for new therapies to extend the successes of existing PD-1 and CTLA-4-based treatme...

Emerging Therapeutic Approaches Against RAS Cancer Mutations Introduction RAS (rat sarcoma virus) proteins are small GTPases involved in signal transduction as part of the RAS/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway and are involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. There are three human RAS genes: KRAS (Kristen rat sarcoma virus), HRAS (Harvey rat sarcoma virus) and NRAS (neuroblastoma rat sarcoma virus). The KRAS gene encodes two isoforms, KRAS-4B and KRAS-4A, but due t...

HVEM, LIGHT & BTLA: New Immunotherapy Target The checkpoint receptors  HVEM ,  LIGHT ,  CD160 , and  BTLA  are part of a complex network of overlapping receptor interactions that function in both immune stimulation and suppression 1 ,  2  .  This regulatory function has made them therapeutic targets for treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases and allergies, and for improved methods of organ transplants.  While presenting opportunities for...

Ubiquitination and CBL Introduction Ubiquitination is a process that involves the covalent binding of a 76 amino acid protein called ubiquitin to a target protein. This process is crucial for cellular homeostasis, regulating many cellular processes such as protein degradation, DNA repair, and cell signaling. Ubiquitination is a multistep process mediated by a group of enzymes known as ubiquitin ligases. Gain or loss of function of any of these enzymes can lead to impaired cellular functio...

A2aR & Immunotherapy The great need for treatments and the promise of cures are driving the search for second-generation immunotherapies beyond therapeutic antibodies targeting PD-1 and CTLA4 pathways.  Immunotherapies are not limited to just therapeutic antibodies .  Small-molecule inhibitors are showing great promise in clinical trials.  For example, inhibitors targeting the enzymatic pathways, such as tryptophan catabolism are in late-phase clinical develop...

The Promise of NK Cell Therapeutics Introduction NK cells are the first line of defense against cancer and have been in the spotlight as a cancer therapy in the last decade. Their advantages versus T cells, such as their safety profile and not requiring MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)-antigen stimulation to become cytotoxic, have made NK cells attractive. However, as with T cells, the TME (tumor microenvironment) can suppress their activity, and infiltration into solid tumors is s...

Immunotherapy Biochemical Screening Services Immunotherapy is a type of medical treatment that engages the body's immune system to fight diseases, such as cancer, infections, and autoimmune disorders. It works by either stimulating the immune system to attack cancer cells or other disease-causing agents, or by using synthetic proteins or antibodies to target specific molecules on the surface of cancer cells or other pathogens. Immunotherapy has shown prom...

Targeted Protein Degradation Approaches and Applications Introduction Traditional approaches to regulate protein activity have relied on direct protein interactions by using inhibitors or ligands. However, these target only about 10% of the known 4000 disease-linked proteins, with many being considered “undruggable” due to their quaternary structure. In recent years new strategies to target “undruggable” proteins have been developed, harnessing the power of the cells’ own protei...

CAR T-Cell Therapy Overview CAR-T is a cross of immunotherapy, gene therapy, and cellular therapy. Many successful immunotherapies are based on checkpoint inhibitors that block the mechanisms tumor cells use to hide from T cells. CAR-T immunotherapies go one step further by engineering T cells to enhance the immune response against a specific tumor antigen. CAR-T is a promising approach for cancer and other diseases, especially severe cancers that do not respond well to othe...

Structure and Function of the Claudin Family Introduction Claudins (encoded by the multi-gene family CLDN) are tetraspan membrane proteins found in all epithelial and endothelial cells. They serve as crucial structural components of tight junction strands, where the membranes of two adjacent cells connect to form a barrier by self-polymerization and transcellular interactions at the apical-lateral membrane of epithelia. The tight junctions prevent molecules from passing bet...

Research Applications for Engineered iPS Cells Introduction New avenues of research were dramatically opened by the discovery of Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006 that the ectopic expression of Oct4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4), Sox2 (SRY-box2), Kfl4 (Kruppel-like factor 4) and c-Myc was sufficient to reprogram terminally differentiated cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. These have infinite expansion potential and similar genetic markers, epigenetics and multilineag...

Claudin-18: A Therapeutic Target in Oncology Claudins, a family of small tetraspan proteins expressed in a tissue or cell-specific manner, are major components of the multimeric protein architecture of tight junctions, which prevent ions or small molecules from passing freely between epithelial or endothelial cells. These proteins contain four transmembrane domains mainly responsible for interacting side-to-side with neighboring proteins. Two extracellular loops regulate p...