Search results for: 'growth factor'

Emerging Therapeutic Approaches Against RAS Cancer Mutations Introduction RAS (rat sarcoma virus) proteins are small GTPases involved in signal transduction as part of the RAS/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway and are involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. There are three human RAS genes: KRAS (Kristen rat sarcoma virus), HRAS (Harvey rat sarcoma virus) and NRAS (neuroblastoma rat sarcoma virus). The KRAS gene encodes two isoforms, KRAS-4B and KRAS-4A, but due t...

Cell Signaling Pathway Reporter Systems Cell signaling plays a pivotal role in biology as it regulates various physiological processes crucial for the functioning of organisms. Cell signaling encompasses a complex network of communication pathways that enable cells to perceive and respond to external cues, including hormones, growth factors, and environmental stimuli. Understanding cell signaling pathways is essential fo...

The Impact of Cell Culture Conditions and Media in Cellular Studies Cell Culture The first attempt to keep cells alive outside of the body traces back to the 19th century, when Sydney Ringer created a buffer able to maintain cardiac cells beating in vitro . Cell culture allowed the study of cellular responses and mechanisms under defined and simplified conditions. While it is a standard technique today, one should not forget that it takes cells out of their biological context, creating a...

Diabetes & Obesity Breakthrough treatments for diabetes and obesity aim to stem the rising epidemic of complications and deaths directly attributed to these conditions. Diabetes and obesity are two interconnected health conditions that pose significant global challenges. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, resulting from either insufficient insulin production (Type 1 diabetes) or ineffective utili...

Targeting BCMA in Mutliple Myeloma Multiple Myeloma Multiple myeloma is the second most commonly diagnosed blood cancer, after non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Multiple myeloma is a cancer in which immortalized plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow, causing severe pain, anemia, and kidney failure. Multiple myeloma was once considered universally fatal. Improved diagnostic methods and innovative treatments are improving patient outcomes. Still, nearly all patients eventually relapse a...

Ubiquitination and CBL Introduction Ubiquitination is a process that involves the covalent binding of a 76 amino acid protein called ubiquitin to a target protein. This process is crucial for cellular homeostasis, regulating many cellular processes such as protein degradation, DNA repair, and cell signaling. Ubiquitination is a multistep process mediated by a group of enzymes known as ubiquitin ligases. Gain or loss of function of any of these enzymes can lead to impaired cellular functio...

Mechanism of JAK-STAT Signaling in Cancer Cell Signaling Pathways Understanding cell to cell communication through cytokines and other secreted factors is at the center of daily life for countless pharmaceutical researchers.  This is because cytokine-based communication is central to normal development and is often a dysfunctional step in cancer and autoimmune diseases ( 1, 2 ).  It is also of increasing importance because cytokine release syndrome is a leading caus...

Structure and Function of the Claudin Family Introduction Claudins (encoded by the multi-gene family CLDN) are tetraspan membrane proteins found in all epithelial and endothelial cells. They serve as crucial structural components of tight junction strands, where the membranes of two adjacent cells connect to form a barrier by self-polymerization and transcellular interactions at the apical-lateral membrane of epithelia. The tight junctions prevent molecules from passing bet...

The Promise of NK Cell Therapeutics Introduction NK cells are the first line of defense against cancer and have been in the spotlight as a cancer therapy in the last decade. Their advantages versus T cells, such as their safety profile and not requiring MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)-antigen stimulation to become cytotoxic, have made NK cells attractive. However, as with T cells, the TME (tumor microenvironment) can suppress their activity, and infiltration into solid tumors is s...

Citations   This page contains a list of scientific journal articles that have cited BPS products and services since 2013. We would like to congratulate all our loyal customers on their contributions to the scientific community. Our customers are truly amazing and dedicated scientists and this is evidenced by the outstanding research they are doing.  Search By Product Name or Catalog Number Name Title 10X HAT Assay Buffer (50095...

Frequently Asked Questions BPS Bioscience is here to answer your questions and provide project guidance. On the following pages, we outline some of the most frequently asked questions separated by product type. If your question is not answered through these resources, please contact us today and we are happy to assist.  Proteins Cell Lines Assay Kits ...

NAMPT: Metabolism, Cancer, and Drug Discovery NAMPT & Metabolism The unique metabolic requirements of rapidly reproducing cells are classical targets for cancer treatment.  For example, rapid growth creates a high demand for ATP used in the biosynthesis of DNA and proteins.  The enzymatic cofactors  NAD +  and NADH contribute oxidizing and reducing agents required to generate ATP and regulate the resulting oxidative stress.  This need for high levels of A...

DNA Replication & Repair Screening & Profiling DNA replication and repair are crucial processes for maintaining genetic integrity and ensuring the accurate transmission of genetic information necessary for cell division, growth, and development. Errors in replication can lead to mutations, resulting in genetic disorders and increased susceptibility to diseases like cancer. DNA repair mechanisms play a vital role in identifying and correcting damage to the ...

HVEM, LIGHT & BTLA: New Immunotherapy Target The checkpoint receptors  HVEM ,  LIGHT ,  CD160 , and  BTLA  are part of a complex network of overlapping receptor interactions that function in both immune stimulation and suppression 1 ,  2  .  This regulatory function has made them therapeutic targets for treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases and allergies, and for improved methods of organ transplants.  While presenting opportunities for...

Cancer & Immunotherapy Immunotherapy is revolutionizing cancer treatment by unleashing the power of the body’s immune system against tumors. Immunotherapy is revolutionizing cancer treatment by unleashing the power of the body’s immune system against tumors. Cancer is a complex group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. It can affect virtually any tissue or organ in the body and may manifest as...

PRMT5/MEP50 Methylation Comparing Methylation Patterns of Recombinant PRMTs:  Abnormal PRMT5/MEP50 Methylation PRMTs – Roles & Mechanisms Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 ( PRMT5 ) is a critical regulatory protein linked to genome organization, cell cycle regulation, and stem cell differentiation 1 . It forms an active complex with MEP50 and transfers methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to histone proteins, transcription factors, and other regula...

CD39 & CD73: Adenosine Signaling Therapeutic antibodies targeting checkpoint receptors such as PD-1 and CTLA4 are giving new hope to cancer patients. However, not all patients respond to treatment and the search for effective co-therapies is driving substantial research. Two critical enzymes of this pathway, CD39 and CD73 , are promising targets for increasing the effectiveness of checkpoint-based immunotherapies. 1 The hydrolysis of extracellular  ATP  to AMP is...

Claudin-18: A Therapeutic Target in Oncology Claudins, a family of small tetraspan proteins expressed in a tissue or cell-specific manner, are major components of the multimeric protein architecture of tight junctions, which prevent ions or small molecules from passing freely between epithelial or endothelial cells. These proteins contain four transmembrane domains mainly responsible for interacting side-to-side with neighboring proteins. Two extracellular loops regulate p...