Spike (K417T, E484K, N501Y) (SARS-CoV-2) Pseudotyped Lentivirus (Luc Reporter)
The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As the first step of the viral replication, the virus attaches to the host cell surface before entering the cell. The viral Spike protein recognizes and attaches to the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor found on the surface of type I and II pneumocytes, endothelial cells, and ciliated bronchial epithelial cells. Drugs targeting the interaction between the Spike protein and ACE2 may offer protection against the viral infection.
Several SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern have emerged, containing mutations that may lead to higher transmissibility and infectivity. Among these mutations, three (K417T, E484K, N501Y) appear to be crucial. The Spike (K417T, E484K, N501Y) (SARS-CoV-2) Pseudotyped Lentiviruses were produced with SARS-CoV-2 Spike (Genbank Accession #QHD43416.1 with mutations K417T, E484K, and N501Y) as the envelope glycoproteins instead of the commonly used VSV-G. These pseudovirions contain the firefly luciferase gene driven by a CMV promoter (Figure 1), therefore, the spike-mediated cell entry can be measured via luciferase activity. The Spike (SARS-CoV-2, K417T, E484K, N501Y) pseudotyped lentivirus can be used to measure the activity of neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2 K417T, E484K, N501Y mutant in intact cells using a Biosafety Level 2 facility.
Spike interacts with host cells by binding to membrane receptor ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2). Based on experiments performed by scientists at BPS Bioscience, we know that the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentiviruses transduce the following cells with great efficiency: ACE2-HEK293 cells (BPS Bioscience #79951), ACE2-CHO cells (BPS Bioscience #79959), ACE2-HeLa cells (BPS Bioscience #79958). They also efficiently transduce TMPRSS2-Vero E6 cells (BPS Bioscience #78081), which express high endogenous levels of ACE2 and were stably transfected with human serine protease TMPRSS2 required for the priming of Spike and fusion of the virion with the plasma membrane. By contrast, it has been shown by others that SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentiviruses do not transduce parental Calu3 and Vero E6 cells very well [Neerukonda et al. 2021, PlosOne PMID: 33690649; Tandon et al. 2020, Scientific Reports PMID: 33154514; Condor Capcha et al. 2021, Front. Cardiovasc. Med. PMID: 33521067; Pisil et al. 2021, Pathogens PMID: 33540924].
SARS-CoV-2 variant pseudoviruses have been validated using ACE2-HEK293 cells but have not been tested in other cells.
As recommended in our protocol, 5 µl of virus/well in a 96-well plate provides a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to perform inhibition studies. The amount of virus added to the cells can also be scaled down according to the user’s need.
Figure 1. Schematic of the Luciferase Reporter in Spike (SARS-CoV-2, K417T, E484K, N501Y) Pseudotyped Lentivirus
| Name | Ordering Information |
| Thaw Medium 1 | BPS Bioscience, #60187 |
| Spike (SARS-CoV-2) Pseudotyped Lentivirus (Luc reporter) | BPS Bioscience, #79942 |
| ACE2-HEK293 Recombinant Cell Line | BPS Bioscience, #79951 |
| Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Neutralizing Antibody | BPS Bioscience, #100793 |
| 96-well white clear-bottom assay plate | Corning, #3610 |
| ONE-STEP Luciferase Assay System | BPS Bioscience, #60690 |
The lentiviruses were produced from HEK293T cells. Supplied in medium containing 90% DMEM + 10% FBS.
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